| John M. Connor, C. Gustav Helmers
Cartels, Collusion, Horizontal Restraints, International
This report analyzes a unique set of data on 283 modern private international cartels. Measured in real 2005 money, aggregate cartel sales and overcharges totaled about $1.2 trillion and $300 billion, respectively. World wide, median real cartel penalties of all types amounted to less than 21% of overcharges.
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